4. THE NOUN
PHRASE
The noun phrase
is a group of words that ends with a noun. It can contain determiners ( the, a,
this, etc ), adjectives, adverbs and nouns. It CANNOT begin with a preposition.
Remember that both subject and complements are generally noun phrase.
COUNT
AND NON-COUNT NOUNS
A count noun is
one that can be counted.
Book−one book, two
books, three books,.....
Student−one student,
two students, three student,........
person−one person, two
persons, three person,.......
a non-count noun is one that can be
counted.
Milk−you cannot say; one milk, two milk,.....
It is possible, however, to count
some non-count nouns if the substance is placed in a countable container.
Glass of miilk−one glass of milk, two
glasses of milk........
Some determinencan be used only
with count or non-count nouns, while others can be used with either. Memorize
the words in the following chart.
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WITH
COUNT NOUNS
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WITH
NON-COUNT NOUNS
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A (n), the, some, any
This,
that, these, those
None,
one, two, three,...
Many
A lot
of
A large
number of
A great
number of
(a)few
Fewer....than
More.....than
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The,
some, any
This,
that
None
Much
(ussualy in negatives or questions)
A lot
of
A large
amount of
(a)
Little
Less,...than
More....than
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A few people and
money Less money and people
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It is very important to know if a
noun is count or non-count. Be sure that you know the plurals of irregular
count nouns. The following list contains some irregular count nouns that you
should know.
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The following list countains some
non-count nouns that you should know.
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*note : although advertising is a
non-count noun, advertisement is acount noun. If you wish to speak of one
particular advertisement, you must use this word.
There
are too many advertisements during television shows.
There
is too much advertising during television shows.
Some non-count nouns, such as food,
meat, money, and sand, may be used as count nouns in order to indicate different
types.
This is one of
the foods that my doctor has forbidden me to cat
(indicates
a particular type of food)
He
studies meats
(for
example, beef, pork, lamb, etc.)
The word time can be either
countable or non-countable depending on yhe context. When it means on ocasion,
it is countable. When it means a number of hours, days, years, etc,. It is
non-countable.
We
have spent too much time on this homework.(non-count)
She
has been late for class six times this semester .(count)
To decide if a a noun
that you are not sure ofis countable ornon-countable, decide if you can say :
one___________or a__________. For example, you can say “one book” , so it
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is a count noun. You cananot say
“one money “, so it is not a count noun. Also of course, by the very nature of
non-count nouns, a non-count noun can never be plural. Remember that, while
some of the nouns in the list of non-count nouns appear to be plural beause
they end in –s they are actually not plural.
Exercise 2 : count and
non count nouns
Identify
the following nouns as count nouns or non-count nouns according to their ussual
meaning.
Television
atmosphere food cup
Cat person tooth money
News water soap hydrogen
Geography pencil soup minute
Exercise 3 :
Determiners
Choose the determiners in the
following sentence.
1.
He doesn’t have (many/much)
money
2. I
would like (a few/ a little) salt on my vegetables
3. She
bought (that/those) cards last night
4. There
are (less/fewer) student in this room than in the next room
5. There
is (too many/too much) information to learn
6. I
do not want (these/this) water
7. This
is ( too many/too much) information to
learn
8. A
(few/little) people left early
9. Would
you like (less/fewer) coffee
than this
10.
This jacket costs (too
much/to many)
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A
AND AN
A or an can precede only singular count nouns they mean one.They
can be used in a general statement or to introduce a subject which has not been
previously mentioned.
A
basseball is round (general-means
all baseballs)
I
saw a boy in the rest (we
don’t know which boy)
An is used before words that with a
vowel sound. A is used before words that begin with a consonant sound.
A
book an
apple
Some words can be confusing because
the spelling does not indicate the pronunciation.
A
house (begins with a consonant sound)
An
hour (begins a vowel sound)
A
university ( begins with a consonant sound)
An
umbrella (begins with a vowel sound)
The following words begins with a
consonant sound and thus must always be preceded by a.
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The following words begin with a
vowel sound and thus always be preceded by an
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The initial sound of the words that
immediatly follows the indefinite article will determine whether it should be a or an
An
umbrella a white umbrella
An
hour a whole hour
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THE
The is used to indicate something
that we already know about or something that is common knowledge.
The boy in
the corner is my friend (the speaker
and the listener know which boy)
friend
The
earth is round (there
is only one earth)
With non-count nouns, one uses the
article the if speaking in the spesific terms, but uses no article if speaking
in general.
Sugar
is sweet (general−all sugar)
The sugar on
the table is from (spesific−the sugar that is on the table).
Cuba
Normally , plural count nouns ,when
they mean everything within a certain class, are not preceded by the.
Oranges
are green until they ripen (all
oranges)
Atheletes
should follow a well-balanced diet (all
athletes)
Normally a proper noun is noun is
not preceded by an article unless there are several people or things with the
same name and the speaker is specifying one of them
There
are three susan parkers in the telephone directory
The
susan parker that i know lives on first avenue
Normally words such as brekfast,
lunch, dinner, school, church, home, college, and work do not use any article
unless to restrict the meaning.
We
ate breakfast at eight o’clock this
We
went to school yesterday
Use the following generanzations as
a guide tor the use of the article the
9|
USE THE
WITH
|
ON’T USE
THE WITH
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Occeans, rivers, seas, gulfs, plurals lakes
The Red sea, the atlantic
Ocean, the persian gulf, the
Great lakes
Mountains
The Rocky Mountains, the
Andes
Earth, moon
The earth, the moon
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Singular lakes
Lake Geneva, lake Erie
Mounts
Mount Vesuvius, mount Mc Kinley
Planets, constellation
Venus,Mars,Earth,Orion.
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USE THE WITH
|
DON’T USE THE WITH
|
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schools,
colleges, universities when the phrase begins with school,etc.
The University of Florida, the College of
Arts and Scinces
ordinal
numbers before nouns the First World War, the third
chapter
Wars
( except world wars )
The Crimean War, the Korean War
certain
countries or groups of countries with more than one
word ( except Great Britain ) the United States, the United Kingdom, the
Central African Republic.
historical
documents
The Constitution, the Magna Carta
ethnic
groups
The Indians, the Aztecs
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schools,
colleges, universities when the phrase begins with a proper noun
Santa Fe Community College, Cooper’s Art
School, Stetson University
cardinal
numbers after nouns
World War One, chapter three
countries
preceded by New or an adjective such as a direction
New Zeland, South Africa, North Korea
Countries
with only one word
France, Sweden, Venezuela
continents
Europe, Africa, South America
states
Florida, Ohio, California
sport
Baseball, basketball
abstract
nouns
Freedom, happiness
general
areas of subject matter mathematics, sociology
holidays
Christmas, Thanksgiving
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Exercise
4 : Articles
In
the following sentences supply the articles ( a, an, or the ) if they are
necessary, leave the space blank.
1.
Jason’s father bought him bicycle that he had wanted for his
birthday.
Jason’s father bought him bicycle that he had wanted for his
birthday.
2.
Statue of Liberty was a gift of
friendship from France to United States.
Statue of Liberty was a gift of
friendship from France to United States.
3.
Rita is studying English and math this semester.
Rita is studying English and math this semester.
4.
Judge asked witness to tell truth.
Judge asked witness to tell truth.
5.
Please give me cup of coffe with creame and sugar.
Please give me cup of coffe with creame and sugar.
6.
big books
on table are for my history
class.
big books
on table are for my history
class.
7.
No one in Spanish class knew correct answer to Mrs. Perez’s question.
No one in Spanish class knew correct answer to Mrs. Perez’s question.
8.
My
car is four years old, and it
still runs well.
My
car is four years old, and it
still runs well.
9.
When you go to ….. store, please buy …..
bottle of ….. chocolate milk and ….. dozen oranges.
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10.
there are only ….. few seats left for
….. tonight’s musical at ….. university.
11.
John and Marcy went to ….. school
yesterday and then studied in ….. library before returning home.
12.
….. Lake Erie is one of ….. five Greate
Lakes in ….. North America.
13.
On our trip to ….. Spain, we crossed …..
Atlantic Ocean
14.
….. Mounth Rushmore is the site of …..
magnificent tribute to ….. four great America president.
15.
What did you eat for ….. breakfast this
morning ?
16.
Louie played ….. basketball and …..
baseball at ….. Boys’Club this year.
17.
Rita plays ….. violoin and her sister
plays ….. guitar.
18.
While we were in ….. Alaska, we saw …..
Eskimo village.
19.
Phill can’t go to ….. movies tonight
because he has to write ….. essay.
20.
David attended ….. Princeton University.
21.
Harry has been admitted to ….. School of
Medicine at ….. Midwestern university.
22.
Mel’s grandmother is in ….. hospital, so
we went to visit her ….. last night.
23.
… political science class is taking ..
trip to .. United Arab Emirates in …..spring.
24.
….. Queen Elizabeth II is ….. monarch of
….. Great Britain.
26.
Scientists sent ….. expedition to …..
Mars during ….. 1990s.
27.
Last night there was ….. bird singing
outside my house.
28.
….. chair that you are sitting in is
broken.
29.
….. Civil War was fought in ….. United
States between 1861 and 1865.
30.
….. Florida State University is smaller
than ….. University of Florida.
OTHER
The
use of the word other is often a cause of confusion for foreign students. Study
the following formulas.
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WITH COUNT NOUNS
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WITH NON-COUNT NOUNS
|
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an + other + singular noun ( one more )
another pencil = one more pencil
the other + singular noun ( last of the set )
the other pencil = the last pencil
present
other + plural noun ( more of the set )
other pencils = some more pencils
the other + plural noun ( the rest of the set )
the other pencils = all remaining pencils
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other + non-count nouns ( more of the set )
other water = some more water
the other + non-count noun ( all the rest )
the other water = the remaining water
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NOTE : Another and other are nonspecific
while the othet is specific. If the subject is understood, one can omit the
noun and keep the determiner and other so that other functions as a pronoun. If
it is a plural count noun that is omitted, other becomes others. The word other
can NEVER be plural if it is followed by a noun.
I don’t want this book. Please give me
another.
( another = any other book-not specific )
I don’t want this book. Please give me the
other.
( the other = the other book-specific )
This chemical is poisonous. Others are
poisonous too.
( others = other chemicals-not specific )
I don’t want these books. Please give me
the others.
( the others = the other books-specific )
NOTE : Another way of substituting for the
noun is to use other + one or ones.
I don’t want this book. Please give me
another one.
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I don’t want this book. Please give me the
other one.
This chemical is poisonous. Other ones are
poisonous too.
I don’t want these books. Please give me
the other ones.
Exercise
5 : Other
Fill in the
blanks with the appropriate form of other.
1. This
pen isn’t working. Please give me .......... ( singular ) another one
2. If
you’re still thirsty, I’ii make ………. Pot of coffee.
3. This
dictionary has a page missing. Please give me……… ( the last one )
4. He does not need those books. He needs ………. ( all the
remaining)
5. There are thirty people in the room. Twenty are from
Latin America and ………. Are from ……….. countries.
6. Six people were in the store. Two were buying meat.
………..was looking at magazine…………was eating a candy bar………were walking around
looking for more food. ( notice the verbs ).
7. This
glass of milk is sour ....................... glass of milk is sour too.
8. The
army was practicing its drills.One group was doing artillery practice
............ was marching .................... was at attention and
.................. was practicing combat tactics.
9. There
are seven students from Japan ...................... are from Iran, and
................. are from ................... places.
10. We looked at four cars today. The first two
were far too expensive, but ................. ones were reasonably priced.
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